Addams followed the example of Toynbee Hall, which was founded in in the East End of London as a center for social reform. Hull House also held concerts that were free to everyone, offered free lectures on current issues, and operated clubs for both children and adults. In the Progressive Era, when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers.
She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace.
She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She is increasingly being recognized as a member of the American Pragmatist school of philosophy. Maternalist reforms provided assistance for mothers and children, expanding the American welfare state. Aid to veterans, free grants of land, and pensions for widows and handicapped veterans, have been offered in all U.
Following World War I, provisions were made for a full-scale system of hospital and medical-care benefits for veterans. These state laws made industry and businesses responsible for compensating workers or their survivors when workers were injured or killed in connection with their jobs. Retirement programs for mainly state and local governments date back to the nineteenth century and paid teachers, police officers, and firefighters.
All of these social programs were far from universal and varied considerably from one state to another. Prior to the Great Depression, the United States had social programs that mostly centered around individual efforts, family efforts, church charities, business workers compensation, life insurance, and sick leave programs, as well as on some state tax supported social programs. The misery and poverty of the Great Depression threatened to overwhelm all of these programs.
The severe depression of the s made federal action almost a necessity, as neither the states, local communities, and businesses and industries, nor private charities had the financial resources to cope with the growing need among the American people. Beginning in , the federal government first made loans, then grants, to states to pay for direct relief and work relief.
After that, special federal emergency relief such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and other public-works programs were started. In , President Franklin D.
This program was expanded several times over the years. One unique trend in the history of welfare in the United States were maternalist reforms. Beginning in the Progressive Era, experiments in public policy took the form of laws providing for state assistance for mothers with young children who did not have the financial support of a male member of the household.
These laws provided financial reimbursements and set limits on the maximum working hours for women. These reforms arose from the belief that government has an obligation and interest in protecting and improving the living standards of women and children. To improve the conditions of women and children, these policies attempted to reconcile the conflicting roles placed on women during this time period.
It was the first national government office in the world that focused solely on the well-being of children and their mothers. The legislation creating the agency was signed into law on April 9, Taft appointed Julia Lathrop as the first head of the bureau. Lathrop, a noted maternalist reformer, was the first woman ever to head a government agency in the United States. In , Lathrop stepped down as director, and the noted child-labor reformer Grace Abbott was appointed to succeed her.
The Sherwood Act of May 11, , was the first important U. It awarded pensions to all veterans. Veterans of the Mexican-American War and Union veterans of the Civil War could receive pensions automatically at age 62, regardless of disability.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Progressive Era: — Search for:. The Progressive Era. The Progressive Era The Progressive Era was a period of social activism and political reform in the United States that flourished from the s to the s.
Many Progressives sought to rid the government of corruption, and muckraking became a particular type of journalism that exposed waste, corruption, and scandal on a national level. Two of the most important outcomes of the Progressive Era were the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments, the first of which outlawed the manufacturing, sale, or transport of alcohol, and the second of which enfranchised women with the right to vote. Theodore Roosevelt is often cited as the first Progressive president, known for his trust -busting activities.
Progressives did little for civil rights or the plight of African Americans in the aftermath of Reconstruction, as the Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of many racist southern laws.
Key Terms muckraker : A reform-oriented investigative journalist during the Progressive Era. Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens. It arose in response to industrialism and dominated American politics for the first two decades of the twentieth century.
Eighteenth Amendment : This constitutional amendment established prohibition of alcohol in Nineteenth Amendment : This constitutional amendment, ratified in , granted women the right to vote and forbade any suffrage restrictions based on gender. The Varieties of Progressivism Progressive-Era reformers sought to use the federal government to make sweeping changes in politics, education, economics, and society.
Learning Objectives Describe the theory behind Progressivism. Key Takeaways Key Points Progressivism arose as a response to the vast changes brought about by modernization. Progressives believed that the Constitution was a set of loose guidelines and that the scope of the federal government should extend into society to protect it from things such as trusts. I needed to build connections and I needed to find a place where I could accelerate my professional development.
A natural starting point was the classroom. IRW paid for her travel and gave her time to approach the story with care and nuance often lacking in education reporting. She interviewed experts on the disease and patients who battled through it, transforming a class assignment into a seven-part IRW series with multimedia components. Stetler stayed at IRW for an additional fellowship year, exploring nationwide X-ray licensing and standards and contributing to a story about the nuclear energy lobby, copublished with McClatchy newspapers.
If you have the hard evidence, you have the story. Teaching the finer points of investigative reporting through practice can be a delicate dance. Students, even those with professional journalism backgrounds, are still learning and mistakes are inevitable.
By expanding its network to WAMU Each year, Sullivan invites six to eight graduate students to spend a year in the Post newsroom as part of his practicum course. Much of the first semester is spent on research—working the phones, tracking down documents and data, and negotiating down the price of public records—and the second is devoted to working with Post reporters and writing their own stories.
AU students have contributed to 20 major Post investigations and produced of their own bylines. Their stories are real—appearing on the Post and IRW websites—as is their anxiety over wanting to get every last detail right for a national audience. Lewis wonders more about the future of journalism over the next 10 years—and how people get their information—than that of IRW.
More people are getting their news from nontraditional sources like Twitter and Facebook, and ignorance and disinformation are seemingly on the rise. Share Flipboard Email. Martin Kelly. History Expert. Martin Kelly, M. Updated August 19, Key Takeaways: Muckrakers Muckrakers were journalists and investigative reporters who wrote about corruption and injustice between and The term was coined by President Theodore Roosevelt, who thought they went too far. Muckrakers came from all levels of society and risked their livelihoods and lives by their work.
In many cases, their work did bring improvements. Featured Video. Cite this Article Format. Kelly, Martin. Who Were the Muckrakers in the Journalism Industry? African Americans in the Progressive Era. Biography of Ida B. Florence Kelley: Labor and Consumer Advocate. Timeline of the Freedom of the Press in the United States. Meaning and History of the Term Robber Baron. Did Mrs. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for ThoughtCo.
He compared them to someone stirring up the mud at the bottom of a pond. Progressives in Ohio and elsewhere used muckrakers' writings to inspire and promote reform in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They fought political corruption in urban areas resulting from the power of city bosses like George Cox of Cincinnati through the use of city managers. Progressives determined that Standard Oil was a monopoly and used the courts to force its dissolution.
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